Turbulent flow simulation by Particle-based Method

Turbulence is a flow with vortices that varies irregularly in time and space, which requires a very high spatial resolution (on the order of 9/4th power of Reynolds number for lattice methods) to be solved directly using numerical methods for such turbulent phenomena.

Therefore, a mathematical model with spatial or temporal averaging (turbulence model) is used to solve engineering problems.

Turbulence analysis in the particle method also uses a turbulent model. This shows the results of simulated turbulence behind a cubic-shaped obstacle. Vortices, etc., generated behind the obstacle can be observed.